Boris Groys ART HISTORY OF VIOLENCE

We are accustomed to living in a disenchanted and designed world – the world of administration, technology, geographical maps, statistical data and abstract painting. In this world almost all wild forms of life are already domesticated and put under control: tigers and lions live in national parks or in zoos. However, there remains suspicion that some strange, alien forms of life are concealed under the familiar surfaces of our world and cannot be totally suppressed. In the polytheistic myths of ancient cultures the flows, woods and mountains became animated. And through this act of animation they became also dangerous and violent. In her art Alina Bliumis applies the same act of animation on the familiar images of our lifeless, soulless, administered world. As a result, the hidden energy of violence and aggression becomes revealed upon which those images owe their aura of tranquility and peaceful stability.

Indeed, when we look at the political map of the world, on which every country is presented by a certain geometrical form, we tend to forget that this form is always a result of bloody wars and oppression. In her series “Nation Unleashed” Alina reveals the “animal” energy of hate and aggression to which contemporary countries owe the shapes of their borders. She shows the peaceful surface of our world as camouflage concealing the violent fight for dominance. Of course, as an artist of Belorussian origin Alina cannot turn her eyes away from the eruptions of violence that currently take place in her region. However, long before these actual events took place, she was attentive to, what one can call, the political zoology of our contemporary world –the descent of national political symbols from mythical animals of the polytheistic past. 

Alina’s disbelief in the surface characterizes her series “Bruises.” Images on their surface that look to be late examples of abstract expressionism become revealed as images that remain on human skin after a punch. Here again peaceful art for art’s sake suddenly turns into a document of physical violence and the fate of the body in the contemporary world. And in the series “Concrete Poems” familiar words that seem to be merely vehicles of ordinary communication begin to dissolve, revealing an abyss of the absurd hidden behind their grammatically correct surface.

Theodor Adorno famously said that to write poetry after Auschwitz is impossible. The appearance of the beautiful would only serve as cover making us forget the cruel reality of our world. Many artists reacted to this challenge by making their artworks look as ugly as reality itself. However, in this way they missed the cruelty of the second degree – the cruelty of the aestheticizing cover-up. It is this cruelty of the second degree – the cruelty inherent to the artistic practice itself – that Alina makes her topic in a subtle and at the same time surprisingly direct and convincing way.

*The exhibition Borders and Bruises at Anna Zorina Gallery, LA is accompanied by text written by art critic, media theorist, and philosopher, Boris Groys.

Stamatina Gregory NEVER BEEN TO NAURU, Political Animals, Aperto Raum, Berlin

What is a global citizen? In the absence of a transnationally enforceable set of laws or doctrines on human rights, ecological preservation, or other interests of humanity, what remains is a set of ideas, historical and contemporary, on what this term—global citizenship—could mean. In 2005, the World Values Survey—a global research project providing data on socio-cultural and political change—included for the first time the statement “I see myself as a world citizen,” in its polling of almost 54 countries on subjects including religion, national identity, and well-being. (For the record, most of those polled in 2005 agreed.) Over the past decade (one in which globalization and its discontents have been only recently the subject of major electoral rifts), global citizenship has come to be defined in various ways, including interconnectedness, social and environmental justice, empathy, and cultural understanding.

Although there are now plenty of innovative curricula and inspired mission statements around this idea, there is little consensus on how and why people come to see themselves as sharing some wider identity. But one could extrapolate one possible shared idea: on some levels and in some ways, however banal or incidental, we are more alike than different. Regardless of mass educational inequality, we generally agree that the earth is round. Despite our nuanced views on the finer points of the government’s regulation of the free market, or the degree to which extreme wealth is rightfully earned, we mostly agree that capitalism’s effects are evident (the poor get poorer). We have statistically dominant favorite colors and favorite Disney moments.

If some of this sounds like a sappy commercial, that’s no accident. “Most Of Us Are” (2018) takes as its material recent years of both statistic demographic research and global opinion polling—practices that originated after the Depression, when decreased funding for advertising created a demand for more informed knowledge about domestic (and eventually, international) consumer demographics. Bliumis’s work references several of the hundreds of worldwide polls undertaken recently, including regular Bible reading (tracked by Gallup since 1992); acknowl- edgment of climate change (Gallup, 2007); belief that capitalism results in growing inequality (YouGov, 2017); and the belief in extraplanetary life (Glocalities, 2017). In each work on canvas, a global everyperson, metaphorically sketched in broad categorical strokes, is accompanied by the literal sketches of figures, resembling those found in instructional books on life drawing, which present “average” human figures and the basic shapes of their rendering – cubes, triangles, oblongs, long and arced lines. Unique physiognomies, race, disability, and other forms of dif- ference evaporate in these dual portraits, each a simultaneously tender and absurdist poem of statistical appropriation.

On the one hand, no citizen of the world cobbled together from shared demographic data truly exists. “Most of Us Are #1” makes this point, tongue in cheek, noting “most of us are named Mohammed, last name Lee.” A few Mohammed Lees undoubtedly exist in the world—but clearly under a radically different set of intercultural circumstances than the vast majority of those that share either their surname or first name. (A well-known line from the American TV sitcom The Big Bang Theory, in which a character, angling for a “statistical edge” in his answer to a trivia question about a famous astronaut, shouts the name “Mohammed Lee,” has become a contemporary punchline.) “Most of Us Are” playfully follows this tension, moving between the broad strokes which sketch an imaginary global citizen (at least, an imaginary product of a narrow set of offered choices, opinions, and affiliations), and a citizen for whom broadly constructed categories of identity may never (or could never) apply.

Whoever a global citizen might be, most of us would agree: freedom of movement is en- demic to their self-perception. (The mere ability to respond to a poll, signaling some degree of enfranchisement, might be another indicator.) What “Most Of Us Are #2” states is true: most of us have “never been to Nauru.” But the tiny state in Oceania is a microcosm for the global forces that shape our opinions and affiliations, as well as our seemingly immutable identifying data. Nauru is like many other parts of the globe in its history of colonization, military base use, ecological devastation due to phosphorous mining, turning the island into a hollow shell rimmed by coconut palms: an invasive species that has wiped out any remaining indigenous flora. With its natural resources depleted, and its one-time economic boom turned to seemingly permanent bust, the Nauruan government instituted liberal banking policies, becoming an easy access point for international money-laundering operations. Most recently, Nauru has entered into the rapidly expanding business of offshore refugee detention, partnering with the Australian government to keep asylum seekers, including children, in conditions of imprisonment lasting years: an indefinite “processing” aimed to quell anti-immigrant sentiment. Residents of similar places in the world, in which neither practical national citizenship nor any sense of global affinity are able to exist, are growing.

With this in mind, perhaps the better question is not who is the global citizen, but where is the global citizen? Or rather, where and how does this idea exist? According to a recent poll by GlobeScan, citizens of emerging economies, including China, Peru, and India, are most likely to identify as citizens of the world—more strongly than their sense of belonging to their own country. But, perhaps unsurprisingly among citizens of Germany, the US, and Russia a sense of nationalism has been rising. “Most Of Us Are,” deceptively simple in form, draws the faintest lines of the structures of power that construct our entire subjectivity. In this speculative space, a gentle call, a lyric appeal to look beyond a rapidly encroaching, perilous nativism.

Adam Kleinman PLUCKED, Political Animals, Apero Raum, Berlin

For my own part I wish the bald eagle had not been chosen the representative of our country.  He is a bird of bad moral character. 
-- Benjamin Franklin

When thinking of “Political Animals,” the eponymous title and subject of Alina Bliumis’s exhibition on the iconography and narrative tropes nations use to imagine their communities, I thought, at first, of two things: Aristotle, and my passport.   The reasons for the former are bound to the latter, and vice versa; Aristotle coined the term in his Politics, while my passport is proof of my own citizenship. Yet that’s all very abstract, if I were to imagine my passport itself, I’d think of its size, its blue color, and that heraldic image of a bald eagle bearing a shield whilst clenching a set of 13 arrows in one talon, and an olive branch in the other on its cover.  Yes, it’s an American Passport.  Is there a bird on yours?  

Sorry, I shouldn’t have asked you to imagine that, it was rude of me.  I have no idea where you’re from, and, logically speaking, it’s a safe bet that people from various nationalities would be reading this—this catalog is published in two tongues after all.  Fortunately, Political Animals includes Bliumis’ rueful series of relief etchings on paper entitled Amateur Bird Watching at Passport Control, 2016-17, which abstracts fanciful bird imagery sourced from 43 different passport covers; if you’re up for a hunt, you might find a feathered friend there, or in these very pages. Interpersonally though, there is no way I could pretend to address each and every one of you directly and individually by talking about your eagle… or was it flamingo?   Instead, let’s all share another image together; it’s pretty famous, so I hope you’ll be able to fix it: please, for a second, imagine the Oval Office of the White House. 

Yes, it’s egg shaped, and the President of the US sits there; oh, god no, please don’t think of the unmentionable current one, instead let’s just think of that iconic desk.  You know the one, its wooden, and clunky, and has the same motif, more or less, as my passport on its front.  But wait, something is different!  On my passport the bird faces the olive branch, a typical symbol of peace, whilst the image on the desk faces the arrows of war. So, which one is it; dose the bird seek war, or does it look toward peace?   

The carving on the desk dates from the early 1940s, and the bird’s head was typically turned to face the arrows at that time.  In 1945, President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9646, which permanently fixed the eagle’s gaze toward the olive branch as a sign of the county’s dedication to harmony following WWII.  Although the figure bares the Latin motto, E pluribus unum (from many, one), Si vis pacem, para bellum (If you want peace, prepare for war) serves as a better metaphor for the intrinsic paradox of this emblem—and is a clear mirror of the history of American relations from (at least) the gunboat diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt’s Big Stick Ideology—wherein pressure was applied to diplomatic negotiations through the ever present threat of naval force—all the way through the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction—a defense strategy between the United States and the Soviet Union which would see each nation build ever larger nuclear arsenals as a form of deterrence; the logic went as follows: if one nation were to initiate a pre-emptive nuclear attack, the other could guarantee an equal retaliatory strike.  In this standoff, neither party could advance or withdraw safely, and thus the superpowers settled into a geopolitical equilibrium so bizarre they had to invent a term for that too, the Cold War.  As that situation played out internally, the US military establishment found a workaround when their projects couldn’t get the green light during the administration of Dwight D. Eisenhower.  

To make a long story short, dubious documents would be “leaked” to the press, which proposed that the Soviet Union was making secret weapons that the United States did not process.  The most infamous of which was the so-called “bomber gap,” which alleged that the Soviets built a mythical fleet of long-range jet bombers totaling around 2,500.  Whether this was true or not, an alarmed public believed the hype and called on its elected official, the President, to do something about it.  In response, Eisenhower fast tracked the U-2 spy plane, which was designed to assess how many bombers the Soviets had—turns out it was only 20—while the US Air Force ordered 2,750 new bombers of its own.  Following this media ploy, new and greater threats were created following the same model—the “missile gap,” for example, simply exchanged fictive bombers for fictive intercontinental ballistic missiles following the launch of Sputnik. This fearmongering dynamic continues to affect US politics; in order to not look “weak,” politicians, generally Republicans, often trumpet defense spending over domestic issues that might better serve the people.  These politicians are known as “hawks,” but let’s turn strategy round in a truly Machiavellian manner: can the people by pacified, and thus ruled over more easily, by cynically scaring them into compliance through the manufacture of an existential enemy “other”?  

In 1984, the sitting President of the United States, Ronald Reagan, was up for re-election, and his campaign released a slew of negative television commercials; the most famous of which features a grizzly bear roaming around on a mountain top that comes to a stop in front of an everyman character.  A coded message in voice over implies that the US requires a strong leader that could stand up to that “bear” should it attack.  The ad doubled down on the jingoism Reagan had banked on in his 1980 electoral victory, particularly the slogan that his administration would “seek peace through strength,” and his own escalation of the Cold War arms race during his first term.  Even though the Soviet Union, or the “Evil Empire” as Reagan had nicknamed it, was then on the brink of collapsing under its own weight, this narrative helped Reagan sweep 49 of 50 states in the arguably greatest presidential election landslide in American history.  Teasingly self-aware of its manipulation, the ad curiously concludes with the line “if there is a bear.”  Like the bomber gap, or the missile gap, the predator analogy might simply be a vehicle open to various referents as long as the “us” verse “them” formulation holds—that is, if there even is a “them.” 

By way of satire, this operation is dished out ad libitum by Bliumis in her If There Is A Bear series, 2018, which appropriates the Reagan advert transcript, but then replaces the titular bear with other animals that each imply other nationalities respectively, i.e. “There is a Panda” (read: China). Collected and juxtaposed together, this set breaks the message down into its pure rhetorical form to demonstrate that it, like “policy by press release,” is simply a form of style over substance. 

As noted, the exhibition’s title, Political Animals, is borrowed from Aristotle; however, instead of meaning, as Aristotle did, that we build society by practicing good social relation with one another in organized establishments called cities (polis), Bliumis mockingly takes this expression at face value through a comic, yet productive form of literal mistranslation by focusing the use of birds, bears, and so forth, in political theater.  Regardless of biology, states divide the world into two types of fictive persons: their citizenry, and everyone else.  So as to keep this exclusionary set-up under control we had to invited something bestial, but sadly, something all too human: the police. Although boarders are themselves fictive, try to cross one without your identity papers. But really, what is identity anyways? I mean if your documents are expired, does your name do so well?  Or perhaps, your height and eye color vanish in a puff of smoke, poof! 

Identity is derived from the Latin word for “sameness,” idem.  In the line of questioning above, the sameness sought is simply one of physical continuity, and not some idea of shared desire, history, or similar narratives that actually lend us our humanity.  In addition to musing on birds and bears, Political Animals hosts a series that queries our species directly.  Entitled Most Of Us Are, 2018, this set of ink and graphite pencil works on canvas link geometric construction drawings of neutral bodies next to a list of curious, reductive, and generally illogical data points, i.e., most of us are born at 8am—I wasn’t, were you?  Like her other jibes, Blimuis’ principle here is the same: take a form, repeat its permutations to a point of absurdity, and ultimately lay bare the totalizing bureaucracy of procedure.  

Thinking back to my passport, maybe, E plurius unum (out of many, one), isn’t so bad after all; while it is meant as a metaphor for the total population blending into one uniform body, it’s based on a line from the poet Virgil when discussing how to make an ancient form of pesto by combining cheese and herbs in a single pot.  The use of this motto comes from the very early days of my republic, and I wonder if the framers of the Constitution remembered this quasi-irony when they paradoxically used the royal “we” to start that document.  Who is to say, but we’ve never quite figured out just who we are.  Instead of checking off our associations, let’s just discuss the majesty of birds over a nice turkey dinner. 

Boris Groys WHAT DO THE BIRDS DREAM ABOUT? Political Animals, Apero Raum, Berlin

When we speak about globalization we mostly mean the global circulation of information, money and commodities. However, long before this circulation started animals, birds and insects were circulating around the world – and they still are. Migration of birds and animals preceded the migration of men. At the same time not all the animals migrate. Some of them are local – and parts of local ecologies. That is why migration of animals and other living organisms, such as viruses and microbes, is seen as dangerous for the ecological balance in certain regions. Now, the analogy with the human migration is obvious. Often enough it is also seen as a negative factor destroying the ecological balance of certain national states.

Alina Bliumis came to the USA from Belarus. One of the persistent topics of her art is a reflection on the processes of accommodation and integration in which everyone with a similar background is unavoidably involved. The tone of this reflection is far from being dictated by personal ressentiment or protest. Rather, her attention is drawn by the absurdities of the processes themselves. Her recent projects Amateur Bird Watching at the Passport Control and Political Animals deal with the images of animals and birds that serve as symbols for different national states and thus put on the official documents, including passports, of their citizens. There is this standard expression: free as a bird. Speaking about the freedom of birds we mean, of course, the migrating birds that high in the sky cross all the national borders – the freedom which the planes, for example, do not have.

However, the birds which images we find in our passports are not migrating
birds. Mostly, they are birds of prey – like eagles, for example. In this respect they are similar to the political animals – lions or bears. The eagles do not migrate – they are circling in the air and controlling their territory. They are machines of surveillance. They look for a prey – and catch it. So it is clear enough why so many states have chosen the eagle as its symbol. Of course, there are also some more peaceful examples. But the common characteristic of all these birds is the fact that they are local – be it a pelican from Barbados or a parrot from Dominica. All these birds are prisoners of their territories. Do they ever dream to become free, to migrate, to visit different countries – and not only to draw always the same circles over the same territory? We do not know it. But if the birds have these dreams it is the citizens of the states that have images of these birds in their passports who realize these dreams – at least in symbolic terms. Thus, even if a parrot remains on Dominica and a pelican - on the Barbados the passports with their images have a chance to be checked at the airports all around the world. Whatever can be said about the migrants one thing is sure: they realize their birds’ dream of flying.
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“The Deadnet letters” project: letters to artists from a digital afterlife Tanya Zamirovskaya, 2022

from: _____
to: ________
subject: just name it after me / a correction notice

I know you won’t reply. You don’t believe me, but you demand the whole world to believe you – all of you are the same. The information you obtained is sacred to you – but the information I am cancels yours. So I am just fake news to you.  

As you see, I can use your language if it’s necessary – and it’s really necessary, since I speak about my life, which you all deny for the name of conditional truth. My language is not a perfect weapon in a war your speech has declared to my existence – but since my existence is more important to me than all types of speech and species, I – as an endangered species – demand a correction!

I already emailed you, demanding a correction, I tried, I cried, I texted your managing editor, I wrote to your publisher – all of them demanded a confirmation – confirmation of what? That I’m alive? How can you prove that you’re alive? To prove death – yes, this is easy, there are rules and rituals, like cat’s eye syndrome (squeeze an eye with your fingers – it will become cozy, cat-like, with a dark slit), those special shades of farewell breathing, Glasgow coma scale, local karma school or a sailing certificate as a silky blank drowned person's passport, allowing access to all underwater boats of the world.

But how can a living person prove they are alive? Here I am, but it's not enough for you! The only thing I want from your newspaper is the correction of the publication about my death. How many more times will you see this message? How many times have you already seen it in your Instagram inbox, your Facebook messenger, your daughter's TikTok, your mom's WhatsApp? Until you publish the correction, your Peloton will scream for my comeback, your virtual yoga teacher, clenching her jaw, compressed by a sharp spasm, will stifle my name twice, and a new episode of you-know-what on Netflix won't start until you start my heart, stopped with your stupid unverified news. 

You had plenty of time to write the correction. As soon as the news came out, written by you, about a woman with a blue scarf – the one with a blue scarf – the blue scarf from that photo – that particular woman rescued from the ruins of the school destroyed by bombs – that she actually didn’t survive – the woman with the scarf didn’t survive – I wrote you a message: that was me. I am alive, so I need a correction.

What would I do with your questions? Am I really myself? How could I prove I am the bleeding woman on the photo? Well, every creature that has consciousness recognizes itself even being depicted as dying, disintegrating into gray pixels and digital blood. It’s my blood, it’s my gray face, it’s my doctor who talked to you, it’s my photographer whom you quoted, it’s my life – and I still have it, look, I am holding it. Apparently, that's why my hands are clenched into fists in the photo. When I unclench them to write you about this, my life floats around me like a quiet light cloud of fog – there is a radiance, but there is no light, but there is a radiance, so I am sitting in the dark and can’t make a video call, but by life is here, it’s mine.

I can’t make a video call, obviously, because the connection is poor here. I have no passport either, I left my bag at school, which, as you remember, burned down, blown to pieces. How a person with burnt documents can prove their existence? Especially now, when a dead person can easily text anyone? Especially if you haven’t noticed the awkwardness of the previous phrase and keep reading this as if we are just dealing with some slippery social media scandal here. 

You asked me to specify my location. Well, I can set rules here too – dear, you have taken my life, juggling it, as if it fell apart into a hundred shining golden balls as soon as you touched it. I can’t tell you where I am until I see a correction in your newspaper.

It’s very simple. A correction is a normal, familiar procedure. Journalists do make errors, it’s fine. Just provide a correction. Dear readers, an unfortunate error crept its way into our news article. The woman on that graphic image we actually blurred, is not dead (so we can unblur it probably).

I need an official cancelation of my death. You must cancel it in exactly the same way you’ve announced it earlier, weaving it out of false testimonies and releasing it into the world like a virus. I won't agree to anything else but an official correction. If I don’t see it, I will sue you. You know what court I am talking about. 

But since I decided to talk to you in your language – and I looked into your vocabulary, like into a cold well, and I ran like a happy little fireball through your social networks, and I drank ice compote from your sleepy dog’s bowl, and I turned into a tiny miserable flower, forgotten between the pages of your book – I admit the impossibility of reaching you through the front door, so I have to beat my head against a dark door in the back.

You probably do not have a media genre for a no-death announcement. A correction notice on death is always a resurrection trick, and that’s what is binding your tongue. I noticed this some time ago, when one of our famous blogging journalists was killed in an assassination attempt – you know who I am talking about, but since you don’t believe I am me, I decided to forget everyone’s name here – tons of publications quickly broke out, emerged, appeared – do you have appropriate vulgar verbs for thoughtless reproduction of obituaries? Well, there were many of those. But the next day it turned out the journalist did not die, but did not survive either – let's say he walked past death alive. What is the word for this? Resurrection? In media context, for sure, that was a resurrection. But how do you write about resurrection?

That summer evening it happened I’ve been drinking with friends at my place – I won’t mention their names, otherwise you’ll immediately interrogate them, trying to figure out if my leg on that photo was removed by a missile, or by a photographer’s twitching hand – and we discussed a professional journalistic failure in canceling death. How do you write about the fact the deceased is now alive? After all, this thing perhaps will be necessary in the future, when people begin to resurrect en masse. So we need a new media genre that is directed to the future – an antithesis of an obituary. It has to correspond it formally, while contradicting it emotionally. The same way there are rules for writing an obituary, there should be rules for writing a reverse piece – a heartfelt note on reversibility of non-existence.

It is probably the absence of an anti-obituary genre that gives rise to media frustration – this is what I see in you. An obituary has a well-established ethics, but an opposite genre not only does not have this – it does not exist! But I do exist. So the genre does as well. I came up with a beautiful name for it – Anastasis. Yes, it is "resurrection" in Greek.

The rules of writing an Anastasis are simple: it must be laudatory, jubilant, including all the elements of the corresponding obituary (for example, if the obituary says about something we’ve lost, in an Anastasis you have to mention what we’ve gained back! If the era has gone forever – hooray, the era has returned). The tone of Anastasis is quiet, calm, restrainedly enthusiastic, relaxed but victorious, full of reverence, but at the same sparkling with irrefutable confidence that what happened is a long-awaited norm, not an absurd cancellation of an accident.

The most important thing while writing an Anastasis is not to present what happened as an anomaly. Celebrate resurrection as a rule of life, while refraining to cancel a preceding obituary, since it’s a transitional evidence of a human existence from life to death, and from death to something more true and understandable than both life and death.

So far, all the liberal media have unanimously failed an Anastasis. Anyway, I do believe that in the future this genre will sprout and break through the asphalt of your helplessness in the face of the reversibility of the irreversible. Anastasis will become my second name, while you still fear to mention the word “alive” by my first one, my inexhaustible one.

As you can see, I gave you all the tools for manifesting my life and bringing it to light – bringing us all to light. Yes, it was an error, you made a mistake, but just admit it – or at least publish this letter instead of a correction, if a correction is too embarrassing for you.

I believe you can publish it somewhere. You definitely need to send it somewhere. You have to let us speak with it. Please make sure that this genre name remains – so that at least something remains of me. Just name it after me. It’s how those scientists name some imperishable diamond dust butterflies after their unfulfilled lovers, who may suddenly feel a touch of heavenly heaviness landing on the corner of their beach book – as if the tonguelessness of an abyss has wafted the greedy heat of a hail. And while we still do not know how to speak, we will keep writing to you.